Narcotics are substances which come from three kinds of plants, those are Papaver somniferum (opium) Erythroxylum coca (cocaine), and canabis sativa (hashish), which are both pure and in mixture with another substance.
Narcotics can be distinguished into four kinds those are depressant, stimulant, hallucinogenic, and dependent narcotic
Depressants are psychoactive drugs which temporarily diminish the function or activity of a specific part of the body or mind. Examples of these kinds of effects may include anxiolysis, sedation, and hypotension.
Stimulants (also called psychostimulants) are psychoactive drugs which induce temporary improvements in either mental or physical function or both. Examples of these kinds of effects may include enhanced alertness, wakefulness, and locomotion, among others.
The general group of pharmacological agents commonly known as hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. These classes of psychoactive drugs have in common that they can cause subjective changes in perception, thought, emotion and consciousness. Unlike other psychoactive drugs, such as stimulants and opioids, the hallucinogens do not merely amplify familiar states of mind, but rather induce experiences that are qualitatively different from those of ordinary consciousness. These experiences are often compared to non-ordinary forms of consciousness such as trance, meditation, and dreams.
Dependent narcotics consist of all substances which can produce addicted effect of their users
The examples of narcotics are hashish, morphine, heroin, codeine, and cocaine
Hashish is all parts of Cannabis sativa plants, that is included into shrubs. The part of hashish used by addicts are its leaf and small part of its fruit or seed that have been dried first.
The hashish leaf has some specific characteristics, those are longitudinal in the shape, serrated in the edge, haired smoothly on the bottom, and the number of the sheet is always odd.
The fruit is small and brownish in color
The leaf and fruit hashish that have been dried, then are used by the addicts by method of sucking them like tobacco in a cigarette
Hashish contains a chemical substance known as THC (delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol). That is one of 400 chemicals found in hashish and this substance can cause hashish users undergo shymptoms as follows
1. They feel in fresh and more relaxed
2. They feel in happy
3. They feel in violent
4. Their mouths and throats are dried
5. Their eyes look redder
6. Their appetites increase
7. Their heartbeats increase
8. If it is used in very much dose (overdose), the users feel worried and worried exaggeratedly, feel suspicious abnormally, and their concentration ability decreases
Based on the symptoms caused by use of hashish, then hashish can be categorized as narcotics of the kind of depressant and hallucinogen
Heroin, or diacetylmorphine (INN), also known as diamorphine (BAN), is a semi-synthetic opioid drug synthesized from morphine, a derivative of the opium poppy. It is the 3,6-diacetyl ester of morphine (di (two)-acetyl-morphine). The white crystalline form is commonly the hydrochloride salt diacetylmorphine hydrochloride, though often adulterated thus dulling the sheen and consistency from that to a matte white powder, which heroin freebase typically is. 90% of heroin is said to be produced in Afghanistan.
Morphine (INN) (pronounced /ˈmɔrfiːn/) (MS Contin, MSIR, Avinza, Kadian, Oramorph, Roxanol, Kapanol) is a potent opiate analgesic medication and is considered to be the prototypical opioid. It was discovered in 1804 by Sertürner, first distributed by same in 1817, and first commercially sold by Merck in 1827, which at the time was a single small chemists' shop. It was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic needle in 1857.
Morphine is the most abundant alkaloid found in opium, the dried sap (latex) derived from shallowly slicing the unripe seedpods of the opium, or common or edible, poppy, Papaver somniferum. Morphine was the first active principle purified from a plant source and is one of at least 50 alkaloids of several different types present in opium, Poppy Straw Concentrate, and other poppy derivatives.
Codeine (INN) or 3-methylmorphine (a natural isomer of methylated morphine, the other being the semi-synthetic 6-methylmorphine) is an opiate used for its analgesic, antitussive, and antidiarrheal properties. Codeine is the second-most predominant alkaloid in opium, at up to 3 per cent; it is much more prevalent in the Iranian poppy (Papaver bractreatum), and codeine is extracted from this species in some places although the below-mentioned morphine methylation process is still much more common. It is considered the prototype of the weak to midrange opioids.
The symptoms experienced by the heroin addicts are as follows
1. They feel in comfort abnormally
2. They are uncouth and don’t care to another
3. They relatively don’t feel any sick or pain
4. They feel strongly sleepy and tend to sleep along time
Cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant. The name comes from "coca" in addition to the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant of the central nervous system, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic. Specifically, it is a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, which mediates functionality of these neurotransmitters as an exogenous catecholamine transporter ligand. Because of the way it affects the mesolimbic reward pathway, cocaine is addictive.
The short times effects which can be felt by them are as follows
1. Their bodies are felt fresh
2. They are happy over
3. They don’t feel any pain and weak
4. They cannot adapt to their surrounding as well
There are two ways to define "narcotics": the medical way and the US government way.
The medical definition is drugs derived from the opium poppy. "Narco" is from the Greek for sleep. These drugs put you to sleep. There are several drugs made from the poppy that are used and abused, but in your body all are metabolized to the same active compound, and so effectively they are all the same drug. These drugs include opium, morphine, and heroin.
Medically, they can be used as analgesics, to deaden pain, and anesthetics, to make patients unconscious for surgery. There are also at least a few synthetic versions which used to be used medically. Two I remember are fentanyl and sufentanyl (probably googlable). I don't know if they are still used, but they were also used as analgesics and anesthetics.
The US government, in it's quest to control drug abuse, has adopted a non-medical definition of narcotics. The government includes drugs which are not derived from the opium poppy under the same legal classification, and it is common for law enforcement personnel and politicians to refer to "narcotics" that are not narcotic-type drugs. The government, for example, considers cocaine, a stimulant, and sometimes marijuana, a hallucinogen, as narcotics. These drugs also have medical uses, i.e. cocaine is used to numb the nose and mouth for minor surgery, buy I will guess that your teacher is asking specifically about opioid drugs. If I am wrong, I bet that the Wikipedia entries for those drugs go into these aspects as well.
The medical definition is drugs derived from the opium poppy. "Narco" is from the Greek for sleep. These drugs put you to sleep. There are several drugs made from the poppy that are used and abused, but in your body all are metabolized to the same active compound, and so effectively they are all the same drug. These drugs include opium, morphine, and heroin.
Medically, they can be used as analgesics, to deaden pain, and anesthetics, to make patients unconscious for surgery. There are also at least a few synthetic versions which used to be used medically. Two I remember are fentanyl and sufentanyl (probably googlable). I don't know if they are still used, but they were also used as analgesics and anesthetics.
The US government, in it's quest to control drug abuse, has adopted a non-medical definition of narcotics. The government includes drugs which are not derived from the opium poppy under the same legal classification, and it is common for law enforcement personnel and politicians to refer to "narcotics" that are not narcotic-type drugs. The government, for example, considers cocaine, a stimulant, and sometimes marijuana, a hallucinogen, as narcotics. These drugs also have medical uses, i.e. cocaine is used to numb the nose and mouth for minor surgery, buy I will guess that your teacher is asking specifically about opioid drugs. If I am wrong, I bet that the Wikipedia entries for those drugs go into these aspects as well.
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical or psychotropic is a chemical substance that crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts primarily upon the central nervous system where it alters brain function, resulting in changes in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, and behavior. These drugs may be used recreationally, to purposefully alter one's consciousness, as entheogens for ritual or spiritual purposes, as a tool for studying or augmenting the mind, or therapeutically as medication.
Because psychoactive substances bring about subjective changes in consciousness and mood that the user may find pleasant (e.g. euphoria) or advantageous (e.g. increased alertness), many psychoactive substances are abused, that is, used excessively, despite risks or negative consequences. With sustained use of some substances, physical dependence may develop, making the cycle of abuse even more difficult to interrupt. Drug rehabilitation aims to break this cycle of dependency, through a combination of psychotherapy, support groups and even other psychoactive substances.
In part because of this potential for abuse and dependency, the ethics of drug use are the subject of a continuing philosophical debate. Many governments worldwide have placed restrictions on drug production and sales in an attempt to decrease drug abuse. Ethical concerns have also been raised about over-use of these drugs clinically, and about their marketing by manufacturers.
Amphetamine (USAN) or amfetamine (INN) is a psychostimulant drug that is known to produce increased wakefulness and focus in association with decreased fatigue and appetite. Amphetamine is chemically related to methamphetamine and lisdexamfetamine, a class of potent drugs that act by increasing levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, inducing euphoria.
The short effects caused by the use of amphetamine are as follows
1. The users tend to stay in awake
2. It causes an excessive happiness and talking much
3. It increases the self confident
4. It causes many sweat, nausea, and vomit
Besides amphetamine, there is another example of stimulant psychotropics, that is methamphetamine. Basically, this kind of psychotropics can cause the similar effects to the amphetamine.
Barbiturates are drugs that act as central nervous system depressants, and, by virtue of this, they produce a wide spectrum of effects, from mild sedation to total anesthesia. They are also effective as anxiolytics, as hypnotics, and as anticonvulsants. They have addiction potential, both physical and psychological. Barbiturates have now largely been replaced by benzodiazepines in routine medical practice - for example, in the treatment of anxiety and insomnia – mainly because benzodiazepines are significantly less dangerous in overdose. However, barbiturates are still used in general anesthesia, as well as for epilepsy. Barbiturates are derivatives of barbituric acid.
A benzodiazepine (pronounced /ˌbɛnzɵdaɪˈæzɨpiːn/, sometimes colloquially referred to as a "benzo", and often abbreviated in the literature as a "BZD") is a psychoactive drug whose core chemical structure is the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring. The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide (Librium), was discovered accidentally by Leo Sternbach in 1955, and made available in 1960 by Hoffmann–La Roche, which has also marketed diazepam (Valium) since 1963.
Benzodiazepines enhance the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, which results in sedative, hypnotic (sleep-inducing), anxiolytic (anti-anxiety), anticonvulsant, muscle relaxant and amnesic action. These properties make benzodiazepines useful in treating anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal and as a premedication for medical or dental procedures. Benzodiazepines are categorized as either short-, intermediate- or long-acting. Short- and intermediate-acting benzodiazepines are preferred for the treatment of insomnia; longer-acting benzodiazepines are recommended for the treatment of anxiety.
Methaqualone is a sedative-hypnotic drug that is similar in effect to barbiturates, a general central nervous system depressant. Its use peaked in the 1960s and 1970s as a hypnotic, for the treatment of insomnia, and as a sedative and muscle relaxant. It has also been used illegally as a recreational drug, commonly known as Quaaludes (pronounced /ˈkweɪluːdz/ KWAY-loodz) or Sopors (particularly in the 1970s in North America) depending on the manufacturer. Since at least 2001, it has been widely used in South Africa, where it is commonly referred to as "smarties" or "geluk-tablette" (meaning happy tablets). Clandestinely produced methaqualone is still seized by government agencies and police forces around the world.
Psychotropics are also used in medical field. For example, amphetamine is used by doctors to treat a patient who suffers depression, is addicted by alcohol, is in obesity, and is poisoned by a certain substance.
Addictive substances are substances which if they are consumed they can influence the central nervous system can cause addicted effect or dependence in relatively long time
The example of addictive substances which now are many consumed by society are nicotine (tobacco or cigarettes), caffeine (in coffee), and alcohol(alcoholic drinks)
Cigarette (French "small cigar", from cigare + -ette) is a small roll of finely cut tobaccoleaves wrapped in a cylinder of thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder; its smoke is inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth and in some cases a cigarette holder may be used as well. Most modern manufactured cigarettes are filtered and include reconstituted tobacco and other additives.
Nicotine, the primary psychoactive chemical in cigarettes, is addictive. Cigarette use by pregnant women has also been shown to cause birth defects (which include mental and physical disability). Many anti-smoking ads claim that, on average, each cigarette smoked shortens lifespan by 11 minutes and half of smokers die early of tobacco-related disease and lose, on average, 14 years of life.
Coffee is a popular brewed drink prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant. They are seeds of coffee cherries that grow on trees in over 70 countries. Green unroasted coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Due to its caffeine content, coffee often has a stimulating effect on humans. Today, coffee is one of the most popular beverages worldwide.
The stimulant effect of coffee is due to its caffeine content. The caffeine content of a cup of coffee varies depending mainly on the brewing method, and also on the variety of bean.
According to Bunker and McWilliams (J. Am. Diet. 74:28–32, 1979), coffee has the following caffeine content:
§ brewed: 1 cup (7 oz, 207 ml) = 80 – 135 mg.
§ drip: 1 cup (7 oz, 207 ml) = 115 – 175 mg.
§ espresso: 1 cup (1.5 – 2 oz, 45 – 60 ml) = 100 mg
An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol (commonly called alcohol). Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits. They are legally consumed in most countries, and over 100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption. In particular, such laws specify the minimum age at which a person may legally buy or drink them. This minimum age varies between 16 and 25 years, depending upon the country and the type of drink. Most nations set it at 18 years of age.
Short-term effects of alcohol consumption include intoxication, dehydration, and ultimately alcohol poisoning. Long-term effects of alcohol include changes to metabolism in the liver and brain, and possible addiction (alcoholism).
Short-term effects
Alcohol intoxication affects the brain, causing slurred speech, clumsiness, and delayed reflexes. Alcohol stimulates insulin production, which speeds up the glucose metabolism and can result in low blood sugar, causing irritability, and possibly death for diabetics; in normal subjects severe alcohol poisoning can also be lethal. A blood alcohol content of 0.45 represents the LD50, or the amount which would prove fatal in 50% of test subjects.
Heart disease
One study found that men who drank moderate amounts of alcohol three or more times a week were up to 35% less likely to have a heart attack than non-drinkers, and men who increased their alcohol consumption by one drink a day over the 12 years of the study had a 22% lower risk of heart attack.
Daily intake of 1 or 2 units of alcohol (a half or full regular size glass of wine) is associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease in men over 40 and women who have been through the menopause. However, getting drunk at least once a month puts women at a significantly increased risk of heart attack, negating any of alcohol's potential protective effect.
Dementia
Long-term moderate or short-term excessive (binge) drinking has been linked to dementia; it is estimated that between 10% to 24% of dementia cases are caused by alcohol consumption, with women being at greater risk than men. Alcoholism is associated with a type of alcohol-related dementia called Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is caused by a deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1).
Cancer
Alcohol consumption has been linked with seven different types of cancer: mouth cancer, pharyngeal cancer, oesophageal cancer, laryngeal cancer, breast cancer, bowel cancer and liver cancer. The risk of developing cancer increases even with a moderate consumption of as little as 3 units of alcohol (one pint of lager or a large glass of wine) a day. Heavy drinkers are more likely to develop liver cancer due tocirrhosis of the liver.
Alcoholism
Proclivity to alcoholism is believed to be partially genetic; individuals with such propensity may have a different biochemical response to alcohol, though this is disputed. Alcohol addiction can also lead to malnutrition because it can alter digestion and metabolism of most nutrients. Severe thiamine deficiency is common due to deficiency of folate, riboflavin, vitamin B6 and selenium and can lead to Korsakoff's syndrome. Muscle cramps, nausea, appetite loss, nerve disorders and depression are some common symptoms. It can also lead to osteoporosis and bone fractures due to vitamin D deficiency (vitamin D helps in calcium absorption).
Diabetes
Daily consumption of a small amount of pure ethanol by older women may slow or prevent the onset of diabetes by lowering the level of blood glucose. However, the researchers caution that the study used pure ethanol, and that everyday alcoholic drinks contain additives, including sugar, which would negate the effect.
People with diabetes should avoid sugary drinks, sweet wines, and liqueurs.
Stroke
A study found that lifelong abstainers were 2.36 times more likely to suffer a stroke than those who drank a moderate amount regularly. Heavy drinkers were 2.88 times more likely to suffer a stroke than moderate drinkers.
Longevity
Alcohol consumption by the elderly results in increased longevity, almost entirely as a result of lowered coronary heart disease. A British study found that consumption of 2 units of alcohol (one regular glass of wine) daily by doctors aged 48+ years increased longevity by reducing the risk of death by ischaemic heart disease and respiratory disease. Deaths where alcohol consumption is known to increase risk accounted for only 5% of the total deaths, but this figure was increased for those who drank more than 2 units of alcohol per day. In a 2010 long-term study of an older population, the beneficial effects of moderate drinking were confirmed, while abstainers (even after controlling for confounding factors) and heavy drinkers showed an about 50 % in mortality.
Addictive substance can cause various disorders and diseases
Addictive substance can be used in medical field. For example, nicotine can be used as drug to recover the memory of someone, caffeine is used as drug to recover muscle tension, to recover fatigue and stimulating brain cells so they stay alive, as well as alcohol s used in sterilization process to medical tools
In order to we do not become a narkoba addict, we must understand methods to avoid ourselves form narkoba. Besides, the narkoba addicts must be treated through rehabilitation processes which consist of medical rehabilitation and social rehabilitation
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